Sunday, 15 September 2019
Monday, 10 December 2018
John Dewey American philosopher
ohn Dewey was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. He is regarded as one of the most prominent American scholars in the first half of the twentieth century. Wikipedia
John Dewey/Quotes:
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John Dewey/Quotes:
Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself.
Arriving at one goal is the starting point to another.
We only think when we are confronted with problems.
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Wednesday, 5 December 2018
Better class for maximum output
1.How would you help children in your class to make changes in their concepts?
(Ans) By giving children an opportunity to express their own understanding of the concepts
Saturday, 15 September 2018
Collection of Food and Dietary Supplement Intake Data: What We Eat in India
Nutritional Deficiencies
Patients who have had bariatric surgery may have nutritional deficiencies. These include:
What are vitamin deficiencies?
If you are not absorbing enough vitamins , you may be low on the following:
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What are mineral deficiencies?
If you are not absorbing enough minerals, you may be low on the following:
Zinc deficiency affects an estimated two billion people[54].
Taking high doses of zinc over a long period reduces the amount of copper that the body can absorb. This can lead to anemia and the weakening of bones[55].
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Iodine
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Population effects of severe iodine deficiency, termed iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs), include endemic goiter, hypothyroidism, cretinism, decreased fertility rate, increased infant mortality, and mental retardation.
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How will you test the
presence of starch in food?
Take small quantity of the food items
to be tested. Put 2-3 drops of iodine solution on it. Observe the
colour of the food item. Blue-black colour indicates the presence
of starch in the tested food item.
How will you test the presence of Protein in food?
Proteins are needed for the growth and repair of our body. Foods containing proteins are often called ‘Body Building Foods’. Test if a food item contains protein.
- Take a small quantity of the food items to be tested.
- Grind/mash/paste/powder the food item.
- Put the food item into a test tube.
- Add 10 drops of water and shake the test tube.
- Using a dropper add two drops of copper sulphate solution to the test tube.
- Add 10 drops of caustic soda solution and shake the test tube.
- Observe the colour of the mixture.
- Violet colour indicates the presence of proteins in the tested food item.
How will you test the presence of Fats in food?
Fat is a major source of energy and also aids your body in absorbing fat soluble vitamins. You need a minimum of 10 to 20 percent of your overall calories as fat .Test if a food item contains fat.
- Take a small quantity of the food item to be tested.
- Wrap the food item in a piece of paper and crush it.
- Straighten the paper.
- Dry the paper by keeping it in sunlight for a while.
- Observe the paper.
- An oily patch on the paper indicates the presence of fats in the tested food item.
BALANCED DIET
The food we normally eat in a day is our diet. For growth and maintenance of good health, our diet should have all the nutrients that our body needs, in right quantities. Not too much of one and not too little of the other. The diet should also contain a good amount of roughage and water. Such a diet is called a balanced diet.
DEFICIENCY DISEASES
A person may be getting enough food to eat, but sometimes the food may not contain a particular nutrient. If this continues over a long period of time, the person may suffer from its deficiency. Deficiency of one or more nutrients can cause diseases or disorders in our body. Diseases that occur due to lack of nutrients over a long period are called deficiency diseases.
- If a person does not get enough proteins in his/her food for a long time, he/she is likely to have stunted growth, swelling of face, discolouration of hair, skin diseases and diarrhoea.
- If the diet is deficient in both carbohydrates and proteins for a long period of time, the growth may stop completely. Such a person becomes very lean and thin and so weak that he/she may not even be able to move.
All deficiency diseases can be prevented by taking a balanced diet.
Summary
- The major nutrients in our food are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals. In addition, food also contains dietary fibres and water.
- Carbohydrates and fats mainly provide energy to our body.
- Proteins and minerals are needed for the growth and the maintenance of our body.
- Vitamins help in protecting our body against diseases.
- Balanced diet provides all the nutrients that our body needs, in right quantities, along with adequate amount of roughage and water.
- Deficiency of one or more nutrients in our food for a long time may cause certain diseases or disorders.
MCQ on Components of food and Deficiency
References
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- Sanders LM, et al. Choline: Dietary Requirements and Role in Brain Development. Nutr Today. 2007; 42(4):181-6.
- 2Institute LP. Oregon State University. Choline. Date Accessed: 30/05/19. [Available from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/other-nutrients/choline]
- Kowey P. The Role of Potassium. Lobo R.A. CPG, Paoletti R., Bruschi F, (eds). Springer: Boston, MA; 2002.
- NHS. Potassium Test. Date Accessed: 31/05/19. [Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/potassium-test/]
- Institute LP. Oregon State University. Sodium (Chloride). Date Accessed: 31/05/19. [Available from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium]
- Meeroff JC, et al. Electrolytes of the gastric juice in health and gastroduodenal diseases. The American journal of digestive diseases. 1973; 18(10):865-72.
- NHS. Others: Sodium chloride (salt). Date Accessed: 31/05/19. [Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/others/#salt
- NHS. Calcium. Date Accessed: 31/05/19. [Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/calcium/]
- Beto JA. The role of calcium in human aging. Clin Nutr Res. 2015; 4(1):1-8.
- Demontiero O, et al. Aging and bone loss: new insights for the clinician. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2012; 4(2):61-76.
- Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. National Academies Press: Washington (DC); 2011.
- Lonnerdal B. Calcium and iron absorption--mechanisms and public health relevance. International journal for vitamin and nutrition research Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition. 2010; 80(4-5):293-9.
- Institute LP. Phosphorus Date Accessed: 31/05/19. [Available from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/phosphorus]
- Plus M. NIH. Phosphorus in the diet. Date Accessed: 31/05/19. [Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002424.htm]
- Takeda E, et al. The regulation and function of phosphate in the human body. BioFactors (Oxford, England). 2004; 21(1-4):345-55.
- Carvil P, et al. Magnesium and Implications on Muscle Function. 2010. 48-54 p.
- NIH. Magnesium. Date Accessed: 31/05/19. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/]
- NHS. Iron Date Accessed: 31/05/19. [Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/iron/]
- Lopez A, et al. Iron deficiency anaemia. The Lancet. 2016; 387(10021):907-16.
- NIH. Iron. Date Accessed: 31/05/19 [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/]
- Institute LP. Oregon State University. Zinc. Date Accessed: 31/05/19. [Available from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/zinc]
- Prasad AS. Discovery of human zinc deficiency: its impact on human health and disease. Adv Nutr. 2013; 4(2):176-90.
- Willis MS, et al. Zinc-induced copper deficiency: a report of three cases initially recognized on bone marrow examination. American journal of clinical pathology. 2005; 123(1):125-31.
- Bost M, et al. Dietary copper and human health: Current evidence and unresolved issues. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. 2016; 35:107-15.
- NHS. Others: Copper. Date Accessed: 07/06/19. [Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/others/#copper]
Motivation and learning : Educational Psychology
Learning and Motivation Syllabus and Study Material
A. Concept of Learning:
In the process of education learning occupies a quite central place. That ever exists in our educational set up is meant for the learning of the learners i.e. students. So “fore it is quite essential for you as a would be teacher to be acquainted with the concept of the term learning. Let us analyse the concept of the term learning by- Gardner Murphy – “The term learning covers every modification in behavior to meet environmental requirements.”
- Henry P. Smith – “Learning is the acquisition of new behavior or the strengthening or weakening of old behavior as the result of experience.
- Woodworth – “Any activity can be called learning so far as it develops the individual (in any respect, good or bad) and makes him alter behavior and experiences different from what that would otherwise have been.
- Kingsley and Garry – “Learning is the process by which behavior (in the broader sense) is organized or changes through practice or training”.
B. Concept of Motivation:
- “Motivation is the basic problem of psychology in Education.” – Bernard
- “Motivation is the super-highway to learning.” – Skinner
- “Motivation is the central factor in the efficient management of the process of learning. Some type of motivation must be present in all learning.” – Kelly
C. Theories of Learning:
Learning the theories have generated controversy which has extended research in several directions, with the result that some psychologists are beginning to think in terms of learning “systems” rather than of one theoretical approach that covers everything. But even this statement can raise controversy.
Association Theory.
Drive Stimulus Reduction Theory
Cognitive Theories.
C.1) Factors Affecting Learning
(i) Teaching, Instruction and Learning:
In order to understand there are meaning of teaching, it is essential to understand the difference the difference between Teaching, Instruction, and learning. Hence, we are clarifying the differences in these three terms in the following line?
Teaching: In teaching, an interaction occurs between the teacher and the pupils. As a result of which the pupils are diverted towards the objective*. In order words, the main element of teaching i.e. the mutual relationship or the interaction between the teacher and the pupils advances the pupils towards objectives
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Instruction: The instruction does not involve an interaction between the teacher and the pupil. Still the instruction can divert the pupils towards objectives. The main difference between teaching and instruction is that the teaching includes instruction but the instruction does not include teaching. Hence, the teaching is instruction but the instruction is not teaching. In spite of this, all the three cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects of the pupils can be developed by teaching, while by instruction, only cognitive aspect can be developed. Hence, no instruction can replace the teaching. In short, instruction is that process which diverts the pupils towards the objectives of cognitive aspect.
Learning: Learning means – (a) activities and (b) experience. Both teaching and instruction influence learning through various activities and experiences. Hence, the learning and teaching mean the modification of pupils’ behaviour through activities and experiences.
Characteristics of learning:
- Learning involves change.
- All learning involves activities.
- Learning Requires Interaction.
- Constitute Learning.
- Learning is a Lifelong Process.
- Learning Occurs Randomly Throughout Life.
- Learning Involves Problems Solving.
- Learning is the Process of Acquiring Information.
- Learning Involves far more than Thinking.
- Experience is Necessary for Learning.
Learning Styles:
- Many people recognize that each person prefers different learning styles and techniques
- Using multiple learning styles and multiple intelligence for learning is a relatively new approach.
- By recognizing and understanding your own learning styles, you can use techniques better suited to you. This improves the speed and quality of your learning.
- Visual (spatial):You prefer using pictures, images, and spatial understanding.
- Aural (auditory-musical): You prefer using sound and music.
- Verbal (linguistic): You prefer using words, both in speech and writing.
- Physical (kinesthetic): You prefer using your body, hands and sense of touch.
- Logical (mathematical): You prefer using logic, reasoning and systems.
- Social (interpersonal): You prefer to learn in groups or with other people.
- Solitary (interpersonal): You prefer to work alone and use self-study.
D. Learning and Motivation:
Motives originate during our lifetime, largely through experiences involving other people, because, they are developed through personal and social contracts, these motives are referred to as personal, social or acquired motives. Some of our motives are inborn, determined by our physiological inheritance.
According to educational psychologists, three factors affect learning;
- D.1) Motivational factors
- D.2) Physiological factors
- D.3) Environment factors.
D.1) Motivational factors
Motivational factors are psychological factors that condition learning. Sufficient motivational force, not only initiates activity which results in learning, but also sustains and directs its. Kinds of Motivation: There are two kinds of motivation in the context of learning. These are:
Intrinsic motivation:
and
Extrinsic motivation:
D.1.1) Factors Accounting for Motivation:
There are four factors which account for motivation –
- Arousal
- Expectancy
- Incentives
- Punishment
D.1.2) Theories of Motivation:
The main theories of Motivation are as under –
- Instinctive Theory of Motivation
- Psycho-analytic Theory of Motivation.
- Behaviouristic Theory of Motivation.
- Murray’s Need Theory of Motivation.
- Maslow’s Hierarchical Theory of Motivation.
- Hygiene Theory of Motivation.
- Pawn Theory
D.2) Physiological factors
Further Reading: For Teacher Eligibility Test Better Preparation
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